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Microsoft Excel is a proprietary commercialspreadsheet application written and distributed by Microsoft for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X. It features calculation, graphing tools, pivot tables, and a macro programming language called Visual Basic for Applications. It has been a very widely applied spreadsheet for these platforms, especially since version 5 in 1993, and it has almost completely replaced Lotus 1-2-3 as the industry standard for spreadsheets. Excel forms part of Microsoft Office. The current versions are 2010 forMicrosoft Windows and 2011 for Mac OS X

Microsoft Excel has the basic features of all spreadsheets,[1] using a grid of cells arranged in numbered rows and letter-named columns to organize data manipulations like arithmetic operations. It has a battery of supplied functions to answer statistical, engineering and financial needs. In addition, it can display data as line graphs, histograms and charts, and with a very limited three-dimensional graphical display. It allows sectioning of data to view its dependencies on various factors from different perspectives (using pivot tables and the scenario manager[2]). And it has a programming aspect,Visual Basic for Applications, allowing the user to employ a wide variety of numerical methods, for example, for solving differential equations of mathematical physics,[3][4] and then reporting the results back to the spreadsheet. Finally, it has a variety of interactive features allowing user interfaces that can completely hide the spreadsheet from the user, so the spreadsheet presents itself as a so-calledapplication, or decision support system (DSS), via a custom-designed user interface, for example, a stock analyzer,[5] or in general, as a design tool that asks the user questions and provides answers and reports.[6][7][8] In a more elaborate realization, an Excel application can automatically poll external databases and measuring instruments using an update schedule,[9] analyze the results, make a Wordreport or Power Point slide show, and e-mail these presentations on a regular basis to a list of participants.


VBA programming
Main article: Visual basic for applications

The Windows version of Excel supports programming through Microsoft's Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), which is a dialect of Visual Basic. Programming with VBA allows spreadsheet manipulation that is awkward or impossible with standard spreadsheet techniques. Programmers may write code directly using the Visual Basic Editor (VBE), which includes a window for writing code, debugging code, and code module organization environment. The user can implement numerical methods as well as automating tasks such as formatting or data organization in VBA[11] and guide the calculation using any desired intermediate results reported back to the spreadsheet.

VBA was removed from Mac Excel 2008, as the developers did not believe that a timely release would allow porting the VBA engine natively to Mac OS X. VBA was restored in the next version, Mac Excel 2011.

A common and easy way to generate VBA code is by using the Macro Recorder.[12] The Macro Recorder records actions of the user and generates VBA code in the form of a macro. These actions can then be repeated automatically by running the macro. The macros can also be linked to different trigger types like keyboard shortcuts, a command button or a graphic. The actions in the macro can be executed from these trigger types or from the generic toolbar options. The VBA code of the macro can also be edited in the VBE. Certain features such as loop functions and screen prompts by their own properties, and some graphical display items, cannot be recorded, but must be entered into the VBA module directly by the programmer. Advanced users can employ user prompts to create an interactive program, or react to events such as sheets being loaded or changed.

VBA code interacts with the spreadsheet through the Excel Object Model,[13] a vocabulary identifying spreadsheet objects, and a set of supplied functions or methods that enable reading and writing to the spreadsheet and interaction with its users (for example, through custom toolbars or command barsand message boxes). User-created VBA subroutines execute these actions and operate like macros generated using the macro recorder, but are more flexible and efficient.


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إدارة عمليات الشراء
تخطيط الاحتياجات من المواد 
الشراء في الوقت المناسب 
الشراء بالسعر المناسب 
الشراء من المجهز المناسب 
الشراء بالجودة المناسبة 
تحسين عمليات الشراء
مدخل التغيير الاستراتيجي في عمليات الشراء


ملف مصغوط لملف PDF فيه

إدارة عمليات الشراء
تخطيط الاحتياجات من المواد 
الشراء في الوقت المناسب 
الشراء بالسعر المناسب 
الشراء من المجهز المناسب 
الشراء بالجودة المناسبة 
تحسين عمليات الشراء
مدخل التغيير الاستراتيجي في عمليات الشراء


ملف مصغوط لملف PDF فيه

إدارة عمليات الشراء
تخطيط الاحتياجات من المواد 
الشراء في الوقت المناسب 
الشراء بالسعر المناسب 
الشراء من المجهز المناسب 
الشراء بالجودة المناسبة 
تحسين عمليات الشراء
مدخل التغيير الاستراتيجي في عمليات الشراء



ملف مصغوط لملف PDF فيه

إدارة عمليات الشراء
تخطيط الاحتياجات من المواد 
الشراء في الوقت المناسب 
الشراء بالسعر المناسب 
الشراء من المجهز المناسب 
الشراء بالجودة المناسبة 
تحسين عمليات الشراء
مدخل التغيير الاستراتيجي في عمليات الشراء




ملف مصغوط لملف PDF فيه

إدارة عمليات الشراء
تخطيط الاحتياجات من المواد 
الشراء في الوقت المناسب 
الشراء بالسعر المناسب 
الشراء من المجهز المناسب 
الشراء بالجودة المناسبة 
تحسين عمليات الشراء
مدخل التغيير الاستراتيجي في عمليات الشراء